Bibliography

For specific questions about these publications feel free to contact specific authors/research scientists (contact)  

or for additional resources feel free to contac the OBH Center at obhcenter@gmail.com.

Overviews of OBH & Adventure Therapy

 

Becker, S., & Russell, K. C. (2016).  Wilderness therapy for adolescents. In, R. J. R. Levesque (Ed.), Encyclopedia of

adolescence (2nd ed.).  New York: Springer Books.

 

Bettmann, J. E., Gillis, H. L., Speelman, E. A., Parry, K. J., & Case, J. M. (2016). A Meta-analysis of Wilderness Therapy Outcomes

for private pay clients. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(9), 2659-2673.

 

Bettmann, J., Tucker, A., Tracy, J., & Parry, K. (2014). An exploration of gender, client history and functioning in wilderness therapy

participants. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 31(3), 155-170. doi:10.1080/0886571X.2014.943554

 

Bettmann, J.E., Lundahl, B.W., Wright, R.A., Jasperson, R.A., & McRoberts, C. (2011). Who are they? A descriptive study

of adolescents in wilderness and residential programs. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 28 (3), 198-210.

 

Bowen, D., & Neill, J. (2013). A meta-analysis of adventure therapy outcomes and moderators. The Open Psychology Journal,  

6, 28- 53.

 

Gass, M. A., Gillis, H. L. (Lee), & Russell, K. C. (2012). Adventure therapy: Theory, research, and practice. New York:

Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.

 

Gass, M., Tucker, A. R., & Karoff, M. (2015). 1999: History of the Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare Research Cooperative (OBHRC).

In W. White (Ed.), Stories from the field: A history of wilderness therapy (pp. 119-126). Jackson, NH: Wilderness Publishers.

 

Gillis, H.L., Gass, M.A., & Russell, K.C. (2014). Adventure therapy with groups. In J. DeLucia Waack, C. Kalodner, & M. Riva (Eds),

The Handbook of Group Counseling and Psychotherapy (2nd Ed.)(pp. 560-570). Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

 

 

Gillis Jr, H. L., Speelman, E., Linville, N., Bailey, E., Kalle, A., Oglesbee, N., ... & Jensen, J. (2016). Metaanalysis

of Treatment Outcomes Measured by the Y-OQ and Y-OQ-SR Comparing Wilderness and Nonwilderness

Treatment Programs. Child & Youth Care Forum, 45(6), 851-863. 

 

 

Norton, C.L., Tucker, A., Russell, K., Bettmann, J., Gass, M., Gillis, L, & Behrens, E. (2014). Adventure therapy with youth. Journal

of Experiential Education, 37(1), 46 - 59. doi: 10.1177/1053825913518895.
 

Norton, C.L. (2011). Wilderness therapy: Creating a context of hope.  In C.L. Norton (Ed.), Innovative interventions in child and

adolescent mental health (pp. 66-140). New York: Routledge.

 

Norton, C.L. (2013). Creating group norms around the campfire: Adventure based group work with adolescents. In L. Grobman & J.

Clements (Eds.), Riding the mutual aid bus and other adventures in group work: A Days in the Lives of Social Workers collection. Harrisburg, PA: The New Social Worker

 

Norton, C.L., Carpenter, C. & Pryor, A. (2015). Adventure therapy around the globe: International perspectives and diverse

approaches. Champaign, IL: Common Ground Publishing.

 

Russell, K. C. (2000). Exploring how the wilderness therapy process relates to outcomes. Journal of Experiential Education, 23,

170-176.

 

Russell, K. C. (2001). What is wilderness therapy? Journal of Experiential Education, 24, 70- 79.

 

Russell, K. C. (2003). A nation-wide survey of outdoor behavioral healthcare programs for adolescents with problem behaviors.

Journal of Experiential Education, 25, 322-331.

 

Russell, K. C. (2006). Brat camps, boot camps, or….? Exploring wilderness therapy program theory. Journal of Adventure

Education and Outdoor Learning, 6, 51-67.

 

Russell, K. C., Gillis, H. L., & Lewis, T. G. (2008). A five-year follow-up of a nationwide survey of outdoor behavioral healthcare

programs. Journal of Experiential Education, 31, 55-77.

 

Tucker, A. R. (2009). Adventure-based group therapy to promote social skills in adolescents. Social Work with Groups, 32(4), 315-

329.

 

Tucker, A., Norton, C., Itin, C., Hobson, J., & Alvarez, M.A. (2016). Adventure therapy: Non deliberative group therapy in action,

Social Work with Groups, 39(2-3), 194-207. doi: 10.1080/01609513.2015.1048416

 

OBH’s Impact on Mental Health in Youth

 

Bettmann, J., Clarkson Freeman, P., & Parry, K., (2015). Differences between adopted and non-adopted adolescents in wilderness

and residential treatment. The Journal of Experiential Education, 38, 245-261. doi:10.1177/1053825915569056.

 

Bettmann, J.E., Russell, K.C., & Parry, K.J. (2012). How substance abuse recovery skills, readiness to change and

symptom reduction impact change processes in wilderness therapy participants. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 22(8), 1039-1050. doi: 10.1007/s10826-012-9665-2.

 

Combs, K. M., Hoag, M., Javorski, S., & Roberts, S. (2016). Adolescent self-assessment of an Outdoor Behavioral Health program:

longitudinal outcomes and trajectories of change. Journal of Child and Family Studies. doi: 10.1007/s10826-016-0497-3

 

Combs, K. M. (2016). What does it take to get post-discharge data? Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8(1), 18-23.

 

DeMille, S. M. & Burdict, M. (2015). A theoretically anchored and multi-modal treatment approach in an Outdoor Behavioral

Healthcare program. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 7, 19-30.

 

Gillis Jr, H. L., Speelman, E., Linville, N., Bailey, E., Kalle, A., Oglesbee, N., Sandlin, J., Thompson, L., & Jensen, J. (2016). Meta-

analysis of treatment outcomes measured by the Y-OQ and Y-OQ-SR: Comparing wilderness and non-wilderness treatment programs. Child & Youth Care Forum. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1007/s10566-016-9360-3

 

Hoag, M. J., Combs, K. M., & Roberts, S. D. (2016). Pushing beyond outcome: What else changes in wilderness therapy? Journal of

Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8(1), 45-56.

 

Lewis, S. F. (2013). Examining changes in substance use and conduct problems among treatment‐seeking adolescents. Child and  

Adolescent Mental Health, 18(1), 33-38.

 

Magle-Haberek, N., Tucker, A., & Gass, M. (2012). The effects of program differences within wilderness therapy and residential  

treatment center (RTC) programs. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 29(3), 202-218. doi: 10.1080/0886571X.2012.697433.

 

Massey, K., Hoag, M., Roberts, S., & Javorski, S. (2016). A multilevel model to examine adolescent outcomes in Outdoor Behavioral

Healthcare: The parent perspective. Child and Youth Care Forum, 45, 353- 365.

 

Norton, C.L. (2008). Understanding the impact of wilderness therapy on adolescent depression and psychosocial development.

Illinois Child Welfare, 4(1), 166-178.

 

Norton, C.L. (2010). Into the wilderness—A case study: The psychodynamics of adolescent depression and the need for a holistic

intervention. Clinical Social Work Journal, 38(2), 226-235. doi: 10.1007/s10615-009-0205-5.

 

Norton, C.L. (2010). Exploring the process of a therapeutic wilderness experience: Key therapeutic components in the treatment of

adolescent depression and psychosocial development. Journal of Therapeutic School and Program, 4(1), 24-46.

 

Russell, K. C. (2002). Does outdoor behavioral healthcare work? A review of studies on the effectiveness of OBH as an intervention

and treatment. Journal of Therapeutic Camping, Summer/Fall, 2, 5-12.

 

Russell, K. C. (2003). Assessing treatment outcomes in outdoor behavioral healthcare using the Youth Outcome Questionnaire.

Child and Youth Care Forum. 32, 355-381.

 

Russell, K. C. (2005). Preliminary results of a study examining the effects of outdoor behavioral healthcare treatment on levels of

depression and substance use frequency. Journal of Experiential Education, 27, 305-307.

 

Russell, K. C. (2005). Two years later: A qualitative assessment of youth-well-being and the role of aftercare in outdoor behavioral

healthcare treatment. Child and Youth Care Forum, 34, 209-239.

 

Russell, K. C. (2008). Adolescent substance-use treatment: Service delivery, research on effectiveness, and emerging treatment

alternatives. Journal of Groups in Addiction & Recovery, 2(2-4), 68-96.

 

Russell, K. C. & Farnum, J. (2004). A concurrent model of the wilderness therapy process. Journal of Adventure Education and

Outdoor Learning, 4, 39-55.

 

Russell, K. C., & Phillips-Miller, D. (2002). Perspectives on the wilderness therapy process and its relation to outcome. Child and

Youth Care Forum, 31, 415-437.

 

Russell, K. C. & Sibthorp, J. (2004). Hierarchical linear modeling of treatment outcomes in outdoor behavioral healthcare. Journal

of Experiential Education, 27, 176-191.

 

Tucker, A., Smith, A., & Gass, M. (2014). The impact of presenting problems and individual client characteristics on treatment

outcomes in residential and wilderness treatment programs. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 31(2), 135-153.

 

Tucker, A. R., Zelov, R., & Young, M. (2011). Four years along: Emerging traits of programs in the NATSAP Practice Research

Network (PRN). Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 5(1), 10-28.

 

White, D. D., Caulkins, M., & Russell, K. C. (2006). The role of physical exercise in wilderness therapy for troubled adolescent

women. Journal of Experiential Education, 29, 18-37.

 

Zelov, R., Tucker, A. R., & Javorksi, S. (2013). A new phase for the NATSAP PRN: Post-discharge reporting and transition to the

network wide utilization of the Y-OQ 2.0. Journal of Therapeutic Schools & Programs, 6(1), 7-19.

 

OBH’s Impact on Mental Health in Young Adults

 

Hoag, M. J., Massey, K. M., Roberts, S., (2014). Dissecting the wilderness therapy client: Examining clinical trends, findings, and

industry patterns. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(4), 382-396.

 

Hoag, M. J., Massey, K. E.,  Roberts, S. D., & Logan, P. (2013). Efficacy of wilderness therapy for young adults: A first look. Journal

of Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 30, 294-305.

 

Roberts, S., Stroud, D., Hoag, M. J., Massey, K. (In press). Outdoor behavioral healthcare: A longitudinal assessment of young adult

outcomes. Journal of Counseling and Development.

 

Roberts, S., Stroud, D., Hoag, M. J., & Combs, K. M. (2016). Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: Client and treatment characteristics

effects on young adult outcomes. Journal of Experiential Education. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1177/1053825916655445

 

Russell, K. C., Gillis, H. L., & Heppner, W. (2016). An examination of mindfulness-based Experiences through adventure in

substance use disorder treatment for young adult males: A Pilot Study. Mindfulness, 7, 320-328. doi:10.1007/s12671-015-       0441-4

 

Attachment and OBH

 

Bettmann, J.E.  (2007). Changes in adolescent attachment relationships as a response to wilderness treatment.  Journal of the

American Psychoanalytic Association, 55 (1), 259-265

 

Bettmann, J.E, Demong, E., & Jasperson, R.A.  (2008). Treating adolescents with attachment and adoption issues in wilderness

therapy settings.  Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8(1), 117-138.

 

Bettmann, J.E., & Jasperson, R.A. (2008).  Adults in wilderness treatment: A unique application of attachment theory and research. 

Clinical Social Work Journal, 36 (1), 51-61.

 

Bettmann, J.E, Olson-Morrison, D., & Jasperson, R.A.  (2011). Adolescents in wilderness treatment: A qualitative study of

attachment relationships. Journal of Experiential Education, 34 (2), 176-194. 

 

Bettmann, J., & Tucker, A. (2011). Shifts in attachment relationships: A study of adolescents in wilderness treatment. Child an

Youth Care Forum, 40(6), 499-519. doi: 10.1007/s10566-011-9146-6

 

OBH’s Impact on Physical Health

 

DeMille, S., Comart, C., & Tucker, A. (2014).  Body composition changes in an Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare program.

Ecopsychology, 6(3), 174-182.

 

 

Tucker, A., Norton, C., DeMille, S., & Hobson, J. (2016).  The impact of wilderness therapy on physical and emotional health:

Utilizing an integrated approach in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare. Journal of Experiential Education, 39 (1), 15-30.

 

Family and OBH

 

DeMille, S. M., & Montgomery, M. (2016). Integrating narrative family therapy in an Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare program: A

case study. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38, 3–13. doi: 10.1007/s10591-015-9362-6 

 

Faddis, T.J., & Bettmann, J.E.  (2006). Reflecting team and other innovative family therapy techniques, adapted for outdoor

behavioral mental health settings.  Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 1, 57-69.

 

Harper, N. & Russell, K. C. (2008). Family involvement and outcome in adolescent wilderness treatment: A mixed-method

evaluation. International Journal of Child and Family Welfare, 1, 19-36.

 

Harper, N., Russell, K. C., & Cooley, R. (2006). An exploratory examination of changes in adolescent and family well-being following

a wilderness therapy intervention. Journal of Experiential Education, 29, 393-396.

 

Harper, N., Russell, K. C., Cooley, R. & Cupples, J. (2007). Catherine Freer Wilderness Therapy Expeditions: An exploratory case

study of adolescent wilderness therapy, family functioning, and the maintenance of change. Child and Youth Care Forum, 36, 111-129.

 

Liermann, K., & Norton, C.L. (2016). Positive relationship outcomes between parents and adolescent children following therapeutic

wilderness program for struggling teens. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38, 14-22. doi: 10.1007/s10591-015-9371-5

 

Liermann, K., & Norton, C.L. (2016). Enhancing family communication: Examining the impact of a therapeutic wilderness program

for struggling teens and parents. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38(1), 14-22. doi: 10.1007/s10591-015-9371-5

 

Tucker, A., Paul, M., Hobson. J., Karoff, M., & Gass, M. (2016). Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: Its impact on family functioning.

Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 8, 21-40. doi: 10.19157/JTSP.issue.08.01.05 

 

Tucker, A.R., Widmer, M., Faddis, T., Randolph, B., & Gass, M. (2016). Family therapy in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: Current

practices and future possibilities. Contemporary Family Therapy, 38, 32-42. doi: 10.1007/s10591-015-9370-6

 

OBH and Juvenile Justice

 

Gillis, H. L. & Gass, M. A. (2010). Treating juveniles in a sex offender program using adventure-based programming: A matched

group design. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 19(1), 20-34. doi:10.1080/10538710903485583

 

Gillis, H. L.; Gass, M. & Russell, K. C. (2008). The effectiveness of Project Adventure’s behavior management program for male

offenders in residential treatment. Residential Treatment for Children and Youth, 25, 227-247.

 

Russell, K. C. (2006). Evaluating the effects of the Wendigo Lake Expedition program for young offenders. Journal of Juvenile

Justice and Youth Violence, 4, 185-203.

 

Walsh, M. & Russell. K. C. (2011). An exploratory study of a wilderness adventure program for young offenders. Ecopsychology, 2,  

211-229.

 

Risk Management in OBH

 

Gass, M., & Javorski, S. (2013). 10-year incident monitoring trends in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare: Lessons learned and future

directions. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 6, 113-129.

 

Russell, K. C. & Harper, N. (2006). Incident monitoring in outdoor behavioral healthcare programs: A four-year summary of

restraint, runaway, injury, and illness rates. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 1, 70-90.

 

OBH and Transport/Escort Use

 

Tucker, A., Bettmann, J., Norton, C.L., & Comart, C. (2015). The role of transport use in Adolescent wilderness treatment: Its

relationship to readiness to change and outcome. Child and Youth Care Forum, 44, 671-686. doi: 10.1007/s10566-015-9301-6

 

Tucker, A.R., Massey Combs, K., Bettmann, J., Chang, T., Graham, S., Hoag, M., & Tatum, C. (2016 – online first). Longitudinal

Outcomes for Youth Transported to Wilderness Therapy Programs. Research on Social Work Practice. doi: 10.1177/1049731516647486

 

 

Community Based Applications of OBH/Adventure Therapy

 

Koperski, H., Tucker, A., Lung, D.M., & Gass, M. (2015). The impact of community based adventure therapy programming on

stress and coping skills in adults. Practitioner Scholar: Journal of Counseling and Professional Psychology, 4(1), 1-16.

 

Norton, C.L., Watt, T., & Penn, A. (2014). Exploring the impact of a wilderness-based positive youth development program for urban

youth. Journal of Experiential Education, 37(4), 335-350. doi: 10.1177/1053825913503113

 

Tucker, A., Javorski, S., Tracy, J., & Beale, B. (2013). The use of adventure therapy in community-based mental health: Decreases in

problem severity among youth clients. Child and Youth Care Forum, 42(2), 155-179. doi: 10.1007/s10566-012-9190-x

 

Tucker, A. R., Sugerman, D., & Zelov, R. (2013). On Belay: Providing connection, support and empowerment to children whose

parents have cancer. Journal of Experiential Education, 36(2) 93–105. doi: 10.1177/1053825913487889

 

Training, Staffing & Supervision

 

Gass, M. A. & Gillis, H. L. (2010). ENHANCES: Adventure therapy supervision. Journal of Experiential Education, 33(1), 72-89.

 

Marchand, G. & Russell, K. C. (2011). Initial training of field instructors in Outdoor Behavioral Healthcare programs. Journal of

Outdoor Recreation, Education, and Leadership, 3, 9-12.

 

Marchand, G. Russell, K. C. & Cross, R. (2009). An empirical examination of outdoor behavioral healthcare field instructor job

related stress and retention. Journal of Experiential Education, 31, 359-375.

 

Norton, C.L. (2012). Supervision in adventure therapy: Building something with that. In M. Gass, H.L. Gillis, & K.C. Russell (Eds.),

Adventure therapy. New York: Routledge.

 

Norton, C. L., & Tucker, A. R. (2010). New heights: Adventure-based group work in social work education & practice.

Groupwork, 20(2), 24-44.

 

Tucker, A. R., & Norton, C.L. (2013). The use of adventure therapy techniques by clinical social workers: Implications for practice

and training. Clinical Social Work Journal, 41, 333–343. doi: 10.1007/s10615-012-0411-4

 

Additional Publications

 

Behrens, E. (2015).  Preface:  A case for clinical case studies. Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, 7, 5-7.

 

Behrens, E. (2016).  Preface:  A Tipping point for the Journal of Therapeutic Schools and Programs, Journal of Therapeutic Schools

and Programs, 8, 4-5.

 

Gillis, H.L., Kivlighan, D. M., & Russell, K.C. (2016). Between-client and within-client engagement and outcome in a residential

wilderness treatment group: An actor partner interdependence analysis. Psychotherapy. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/pst0000047

 

Gillis, H L. & Speelman. E.(2008). Are Challenge (Ropes) Courses an Effective Tool? A Meta-Analysis. The Journal of Experiential

Education, 31(2), 111-135.

 

Norton, C.L. & Hsieh, C. (2011). Cultural bridging through shared adventure: Cross cultural perspectives in adventure therapy.

Journal of Adventure Education and Outdoor Learning, 11(2), 173-188.

 

Norton, C.L., Wisner, B., Krugh, M., Penn, A. (2014). Helping youth transition into an alternative residential school setting:

Exploring the effects of a wilderness orientation program on youth purpose and identity complexity. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 31(5), 475-493

 

Russell, K. C. & Gillis, H. L. (2010). Experiential therapy in the mental health treatment of adolescents. Journal of Therapeutic

Schools and Programs, 4, 47-79.

 

Tucker, A. R., & Rheingold, A. (2010). Enhancing fidelity in adventure education and adventure therapy. Journal of Experiential

Education, 33(3), 258-273.